Permanent residence itself doesn't expire while you stay in Australia — but the right to re-enter does, five years after grant. The Resident Return visa renews that travel facility for current and former permanent residents, so you can leave and return without losing your status.

• If you're in Australia with an expired travel facility, you're still a PR — you just can't re-enter if you leave
• Spend 2 of the last 5 years in Australia and you'll usually get a full 5-year facility
• Shorter facilities (1 year, or 3 months) are available on the strength of your ties

Citizenship gives you an Australian passport, the right to vote, and a status that never expires. Most permanent residents apply by conferral once they've met the residence requirement. Approval is followed by a citizenship ceremony where you make the Australian Citizenship Pledge.

• Children under 16 can usually be included on a parent's application
• Most applicants sit the citizenship test on Australian values, history and government
• Travel carefully before applying — absence limits are strict